Which term refers to the instruments used in traverse, triangulation, and trilateration and other terrestrial-based surveying methods?

• A. Aerial photogrammetric instruments
• B. Conventional surveying instruments
• C. GNSS receivers
• D. Total stations

Answer: (B)

Conventional surveying instruments are the traditional tools used for ground-based methods like traverse, triangulation, and trilateration. These instruments include theodolites for measuring angles, levels for horizontal and vertical references, tapes or chains for distances, and compasses for directional readings. They underpin the classic procedures of determining positions and shapes of figures on the ground through precise angle and distance measurements. Aerial photogrammetric instruments relate to imagery from above rather than ground-based angular/distance measurements; GNSS receivers rely on satellite positioning rather than terrestrial angle-distance plotting; total stations are modern integrated devices that combine angle and distance measurement but are considered more contemporary/electronic options rather than the traditional category. Hence, the traditional term that fits these methods is conventional surveying instruments.